
佛光山南華寺
Fo Guang Shan Nan Hua Temple
September 2025
Light and Peace Ceremony Shines at
Nan Hua Temple, Spreading Wisdom and Compassion
September 28, 2025
In celebration of the Light and Peace Ceremony and South Africa’s Heritage Day, Fo Guang Shan Nan Hua Temple held a series of activities on 28 September 2025, combining meditation, chanting, and cultural performances to promote harmony between religion and culture. Over 300 participants joined the event, which began with standing meditation and Tai Chi, followed by candle offerings and chanting of Om Mani Padme Hum to invoke blessings of peace. Venerable Huifang, abbot of Nan Hua Temple, led the sitting meditation and shared the essence of Buddhist practice—calming the mind through sound, and illuminating wisdom through insight into the Heart Sutra. Participants then enjoyed vegetarian lunch and performances by the BLIA Young Adults of South Africa, showcasing the nation’s rich cultural diversity while raising funds for the youth organization. Participants expressed deep appreciation for the opportunity to reconnect with inner peace and to celebrate unity through diverse cultural expressions. The ceremony concluded in an atmosphere of serenity and joy, with the light of wisdom and compassion shining in everyone’s hearts, inspiring peace and harmony in daily life.
BLIA SA YAD on the Run – VEGRUN
September 9, 2025
To support the "Vege Plan A" campaign and promote a healthy vegetarian lifestyle, BLIA SA YAD held the "VEGRUN" event on September 7. Nearly 40 local youths and their parents enthusiastically participated. For the first time, the event welcomed both youths and their parents, encouraging family bonding through games, challenges, and vegetarian food sharing — all aimed at raising awareness about healthy eating and environmental protection. The event began at dawn with warm-up exercises, followed by a fun run around the temple. Along the route, participants faced challenges like push-ups, yoga poses, hopscotch, and word games, promoting teamwork and interaction. After the run, participants enjoyed a much-anticipated vegetarian BBQ, grilling ingredients like corn, mushrooms, tofu, sweet potatoes, and bell peppers. The temple also provided a variety of delicious plant-based dishes, showcasing the nutrition and flavor of vegetarian cuisine. First-time attendees shared how the event helped them rediscover the joy of exercise and changed their perception of vegetarian food. Parents also expressed appreciation for the opportunity to bond with their children while promoting health and sustainability. This event not only encouraged fitness and wellness but also actively promoted the vegetarian lifestyle. It inspired youths and families to care for the Earth and practice sustainability—one meal and one step at a time.
September 2026
Nan Hua Temple’s Light and Peace Festival Brings Cultures Together in Celebration of Peace
September 28, 2026
As South Africa celebrated Heritage Day, Fo Guang Shan Nan Hua Temple hosted the 2026 Light and Peace Festival on September 27, welcoming more than 250 participants from across the country. The event combined tai chi, candle offering, meditation, prayer, and cultural performances, offering participants an opportunity to experience Buddhist practice while celebrating South Africa’s cultural diversity. Nan Hua Temple Abbot Venerable Huifang's Dharma talk, titled “You Are Already Shining,” encouraged participants to recognise the inner clarity and wisdom that already exist within them. He introduced a simple daily practice of “Pause, Know, Ask”—pausing to observe one’s present state and asking, “When have I ever lost my Buddha-nature?” He encouraged everyone to spend three minutes each day in quiet self-reflection and to transform their inner light into kindness and actions that promote peace. A Zen doodling activity was also arranged for children aged 6 to 12, allowing families to participate comfortably while children developed concentration and calm through creative expression. Over lunch, participants enjoyed vegetarian food and cultural performances by Fo Guang Youth from South Africa, including violin, Mongolian dance, and two African Fo Guang Conference songs: ”2015 A Positive Life“ and “2026 We are the Light”. The two songs, performed eleven years apart, highlighted the continuity of Fo Guang Shan’s spirit across generations. First-time participant Siya shared that the festival encouraged him to appreciate everyday moments and recognise that everyone carries an inner light that can be shared with others. Fo Guang Youth member Marc, also attending for the first time, said the event brought a sense of peace and joy and demonstrated how young people can turn happiness into action through service and cultural performances. The festival concluded in a joyful and peaceful atmosphere. Through tai chi, candlelight, meditation, prayer, children's activities, and youth performances, the event provided a platform for spiritual practice, intergenerational exchange, and cultural connection, encouraging participants to carry the peace and light they experienced at Nan Hua Temple back into their daily lives.
August 2026
Nan Hua Temple Celebrates Women’s Day with “Tea Meditation” Experience, Embracing a Chan-Inspired Lifestyle
August 10, 2026
To mark South Africa’s Women’s Day, Nan Hua Temple hosted “Stillness in a Cup, A Mindful Journey Through Tea & Meditation” on August 9, attracting more than 250 participants. BLIA-YAD South Africa youth members and local volunteers from the business and academic communities served as Tea practitioners, guiding participants through meditation, mindful tea preparation, walking meditation, and blessing rituals. Through the simple act of drinking tea, participants were encouraged to cultivate awareness and find calm amid their busy lives. The volunteers underwent two weeks of training in tea culture, including tea preparation, serving etiquette and mindful practice. Nan Hua Temple Abbot Ven. Hui Fang explained that Chan (zen) is not distant or complicated—it can be found in everyday activities such as drinking tea, walking and breathing. The practice encourages people to return to the present moment with awareness, simplicity and a peaceful mind. Master Hui Fang also led a prayer for women, wishing them respect, understanding, well-being and harmonious families, while calling for a society free from prejudice, violence and discrimination. Participants said the event provided a valuable opportunity to slow down and reconnect with themselves. Anny who works in animal welfare and rescue, appreciated how the event brought together people from different cultural and racial backgrounds in a peaceful and meaningful setting. Tea practitioner Margarita shared that tea had long represented a special connection with her mother. Through the training, she came to see tea not simply as a beverage but as an opportunity to pause, practise mindfulness and reconnect with oneself. The event introduced South Africans to Chinese tea culture and Chan practice while creating a space for cultural exchange. Nan Hua Temple hopes to continue bringing Buddhist teachings into everyday life through culture, education, charity and community activities, promoting mindfulness, compassion and equality.
2026 Global Buddhist Examination: Intergenerational Learning Across Africa
August 9, 2026
The 2026 Global Buddhist Examination was held across Africa on August 8, with 335 BLIA members from eight associations in South Africa, Lesotho, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo taking part—the largest participation in the African region to date. Exams were offered in Chinese, English, French, and a children’s category, bringing together members of different ages and backgrounds to deepen their understanding of Humanistic Buddhism. Ahead of the examination, online lectures, study groups, and review sessions helped participants prepare and learn together. On exam day, the atmosphere was peaceful and focused, with some families having three or even four generations participate together. Participants shared that the examination not only strengthened their Buddhist knowledge but also brought families closer. Despite busy work and family responsibilities, some participants made time to study, while others valued the opportunity for multiple generations of their families to learn and take the examination together. Youth division members also participated actively, gaining a deeper understanding of Humanistic Buddhism and strengthening their commitment to encouraging more young people to learn and practice Buddhism. More than a test of knowledge, the Global Buddhist Examination is a way to reflect on one’s Buddhist learning and practice. Through continued study, reflection, and application in daily life, African BLIA members are passing the Dharma from one generation to the next.
BLIA Donate 100 Wheelchairs, Spreading Love Through the Guanyin Cup Golf Tournament and Practicing the Three Acts of Goodness
August 3, 2026
To commemorate the attainment of Buddhahood by Guanyin Bodhisattva (Avalokiteśvara) the International Buddha’s Light Association (BLIA) Durban Chapter held its 17th annual Three Acts of Goodness Wheelchair Donation on August 1, donating 100 wheelchairs to disadvantaged and disabled individuals. Chapter President Ji Lian said Fo Guang Shan Buddhists seek to follow Guanyin’s spirit of compassion by caring for vulnerable members of the community. “We hope each wheelchair will improve mobility and help recipients live with greater dignity,” she said. Venerable Hui Xing, the chapter’s advising venerable, said the wheelchairs represented more than practical assistance—they carried care, respect and blessings from the wider community. One recipient, 34-year-old Nonzuzo, received two wheelchairs for herself and her 17-year-old son Sihle, who has severe cerebral palsy. Nonzuzo, who lost a leg to diabetes four years ago, said the support had given their family renewed hope. The event also featured traditional African singing and dancing, a demonstration on wheelchair use, and a Heart Sutra chanting and blessing ceremony. Recipients were additionally given blankets and biscuits. On August 2, the chapter hosted the 17th Fo Guang Guanyin Cup Golf Tournament, bringing together 60 participants. The event combined charity and sport, promoting the Three Acts of Goodness, friendship, vegetarianism and low-carbon living. Golf was presented as a form of moving meditation, encouraging participants to focus on the present, let go of winning and losing, and cultivate inner peace. The tournament concluded with awards celebrating friendship, compassion and the spirit of forming positive connections through sport.
July 2026
Gauteng Youth and Children’s Parliament Delegation Visits Nan Hua Temple
July 13, 2026
On 12 July, 200 participants, including 100 youth and children and 100 adult representatives and staff, visited Fo Guang Shan Nan Hua Temple following the Gauteng Provincial Legislature’s Youth and Children’s Parliament Training and Simulation Programme in Bronkhorstspruit. The programme brought together young representatives from five regions of Gauteng to learn parliamentary procedures and discuss issues affecting children and youth, including education, school safety and community development. The visit to Nan Hua Temple provided an opportunity to complement their civic education with Buddhist culture, character development and spiritual inspiration. Ven. Hui Xing, resident monk of Nan Hua Temple, welcomed the delegation and encouraged the young participants to recognise their potential as future leaders. He introduced Fo Guang Shan’s Three Acts of Goodness—Do Good Deeds, Speak Good Words and Think Good Thoughts—and led everyone in learning the accompanying hand gestures. Ven. Hui Xing explained that the Three Acts of Goodness can be practised in everyday life and can help reduce conflict, build trust and promote harmony in families, schools and communities. He encouraged the young leaders to bring this spirit into their homes, schools, communities and future civic roles by communicating with respect and responding to differences with kindness and wisdom. The participants then toured the temple in groups, learning about Buddhist culture, temple architecture and the practice of Humanistic Buddhism. The visit also highlighted the importance of compassion, respect, peace and service to society. Before departing, Ven. Hui Xing presented each participant with a Horse Year commemorative gift and encouraged them to carry the spirit of the Three Acts of Goodness into their daily lives. The visit strengthened cultural exchange between Nan Hua Temple and the Gauteng Provincial Legislature’s youth representatives, while encouraging young people to reflect on leadership, character, responsibility and service. Nan Hua Temple looks forward to continuing to provide opportunities for youth education, cultural exchange and the promotion of harmony and hope in South Africa.
Nan Hua Temple Hosts Youth and Children's Talent Camp to Foster Character and Creativity
July 6, 2026
To nurture character development, teamwork, and a wide range of talents among young people and children, Fo Guang Shan Nan Hua Temple held its 2026 Fo Guang Youth and Children's Talent Camp from 28 June to 5 July 2026. The eight-day camp attracted 120 youth and children, offering a diverse programme that combined traditional folk sports, folk arts, life education, and Buddhist teachings. Through engaging and interactive activities, participants experienced the beauty of Chinese culture while putting Fo Guang Shan's Humanistic Buddhist values of the Three Acts of Goodness and Four Givings into practice. The eight-day camp concluded successfully with laughter, friendship, and lasting memories. Through a rich variety of educational activities and teamwork experiences, participants developed practical skills, strengthened their character, and embraced the values of the Three Acts of Goodness and Four Givings, reflecting Fo Guang Shan's commitment to cultivating people through education and promoting Humanistic Buddhism through culture.
June 2026
BLIA YAD SA Visit Durban to Promote Culture, Education, and Environmental Initiatives
July 11, 2025
From July 7 to 8, the South Africa BLIA Youth Division traveled over 600 kilometers to the Fo Guang Shan Durban Chan Pure Land Center for a two-day trip focused on cultural exchange and environmental action. Through folk art activities and a beach cleanup, the youth promoted the values of the “Three Acts of Goodness,” bringing energy and compassion to the local community. At the “Durban Children’s Day Camp,” the youth led games, dances, and crafts, teaching children the meaning of doing good deeds, speaking good words, and thinking good thoughts. The next day, they joined a beach cleanup to promote environmental awareness, embodying the “Four Givings” spirit: giving hope, joy, confidence, and convenience. They also visited uShaka Marine World to learn about marine life and environmental conservation. The trip showcased the youth’s dedication to spreading Humanistic Buddhism through action, inspiring positive change in the community.
BLIA YAD SA Visit Durban to Promote Culture, Education, and Environmental Initiatives
July 11, 2025
From July 7 to 8, the South Africa BLIA Youth Division traveled over 600 kilometers to the Fo Guang Shan Durban Chan Pure Land Center for a two-day trip focused on cultural exchange and environmental action. Through folk art activities and a beach cleanup, the youth promoted the values of the “Three Acts of Goodness,” bringing energy and compassion to the local community. At the “Durban Children’s Day Camp,” the youth led games, dances, and crafts, teaching children the meaning of doing good deeds, speaking good words, and thinking good thoughts. The next day, they joined a beach cleanup to promote environmental awareness, embodying the “Four Givings” spirit: giving hope, joy, confidence, and convenience. They also visited uShaka Marine World to learn about marine life and environmental conservation. The trip showcased the youth’s dedication to spreading Humanistic Buddhism through action, inspiring positive change in the community.
Youth and Children's Talent Camp: Cultivating Arts and Practicing the Three Acts of Goodness
July 6, 2025
From June 28 to July 5, an 8-day “Youth and Children’s Talent Camp” was held at Nan HUa Temple, attracting around 150 participants from across the country. The camp combined arts, culture, and spiritual education to promote Humanistic Buddhism's core values—the “Three Acts of Goodness” and the “Four Givings.” Divided into Youth and Children’s sessions, the camp featured folk dance, art, mindfulness, science experiments, and emotional education. Instructors from Taiwan taught traditional fan and indigenous dances, sachet making, and paper cutting, helping participants connect with cultural heritage through creativity and movement. Youth developed teamwork and self-awareness through dance, team challenges, and mindfulness sessions. They also helped lead the children’s program, showing leadership and dedication. The Children’s Camp included hands-on science, emotional learning, and baking, encouraging teamwork, creativity, and positive communication. The camp concluded with participants gaining inspiration from both cultural and life education, while actively practicing “doing good deeds, speaking good words, and thinking good thoughts.” The event served as a meaningful bridge for spreading Humanistic Buddhism and planting seeds of hope in young hearts across Africa.
Youth and Children's Talent Camp: Cultivating Arts and Practicing the Three Acts of Goodness
July 6, 2025
From June 28 to July 5, an 8-day “Youth and Children’s Talent Camp” was held at Nan HUa Temple, attracting around 150 participants from across the country. The camp combined arts, culture, and spiritual education to promote Humanistic Buddhism's core values—the “Three Acts of Goodness” and the “Four Givings.” Divided into Youth and Children’s sessions, the camp featured folk dance, art, mindfulness, science experiments, and emotional education. Instructors from Taiwan taught traditional fan and indigenous dances, sachet making, and paper cutting, helping participants connect with cultural heritage through creativity and movement. Youth developed teamwork and self-awareness through dance, team challenges, and mindfulness sessions. They also helped lead the children’s program, showing leadership and dedication. The Children’s Camp included hands-on science, emotional learning, and baking, encouraging teamwork, creativity, and positive communication. The camp concluded with participants gaining inspiration from both cultural and life education, while actively practicing “doing good deeds, speaking good words, and thinking good thoughts.” The event served as a meaningful bridge for spreading Humanistic Buddhism and planting seeds of hope in young hearts across Africa.
BLIA Johannesburg Chapter Spreads Warmth in Winter – Donates Supplies to Support Disadvantaged Schoolchildren's Families
June 4, 2026
To promote social welfare through charity, the Buddha’s Light International Association (BLIA) Johannesburg Chapter held a winter donation event on June 19 at Goza Primary School in Soweto. The association distributed blankets, sweaters, food items, and other essentials to 100 underprivileged families to help them through the cold season. Led by Venerable Jue Di, the event was attended by 13 BLIA members. School staff, including Principal Wendy Sunfani, Deputy Principal Matodzi, and 80 parents, also participated. Acting Principal Matodzi thanked BLIA for its ongoing support, saying the donations ease the burden on struggling families. Vice President Chen emphasized the importance of education in breaking the poverty cycle and expressed gratitude to volunteers and donors. A recipient’s mother shared that her family had gone a day without food and expressed heartfelt thanks for the much-needed supplies. For years, BLIA Johannesburg has supported the community through education and charity, embodying the spirit of “giving confidence, joy, hope, and convenience.” The association pledges to continue serving families in need.
BLIA Johannesburg Chapter Spreads Warmth in Winter – Donates Supplies to Support Disadvantaged Schoolchildren's Families
June 4, 2026
To promote social welfare through charity, the Buddha’s Light International Association (BLIA) Johannesburg Chapter held a winter donation event on June 19 at Goza Primary School in Soweto. The association distributed blankets, sweaters, food items, and other essentials to 100 underprivileged families to help them through the cold season. Led by Venerable Jue Di, the event was attended by 13 BLIA members. School staff, including Principal Wendy Sunfani, Deputy Principal Matodzi, and 80 parents, also participated. Acting Principal Matodzi thanked BLIA for its ongoing support, saying the donations ease the burden on struggling families. Vice President Chen emphasized the importance of education in breaking the poverty cycle and expressed gratitude to volunteers and donors. A recipient’s mother shared that her family had gone a day without food and expressed heartfelt thanks for the much-needed supplies. For years, BLIA Johannesburg has supported the community through education and charity, embodying the spirit of “giving confidence, joy, hope, and convenience.” The association pledges to continue serving families in need.
Fo Guang Youth Graduate from the University of Pretoria Honoured with Four Academic Awards
June 4, 2026
The University of Pretoria held its graduation ceremony on May 29, where BLIA-YAD Youth member Jingyi Lu graduated with a Bachelor of Arts Honours degree in English Literature, achieving first place in her department and receiving four major academic awards: Departmental Top Student Award, Best Dissertation Award, Creative Writing Award, and African Writing Award. A member of the Buddha’s Light International Association (BLIA) Newcastle Association Youth, Lu grew up in South Africa and has received the long-standing support and guidance of Venerables and BLIA members at Nan Hua Temple. Her passion for literature and dedication to her studies have led to consistently outstanding academic achievements. During her Honours year, Lu also served as a teaching assistant in the Department of English, supporting students with academic work and research while maintaining her excellent academic performance. Her achievements are particularly notable in the field of English literature, reflecting both her academic ability and dedication to African literature and creative writing. Her success also serves as an inspiring example for young people in South Africa. Lu's aunt, Qiuju Lu, President of the BLIA Newcastle Association, travelled nearly 10 hours with fellow members to attend the graduation ceremony and celebrate this important milestone. She expressed gratitude to Nan Hua Temple for its long-standing support in nurturing young people through education, character development and Buddhist values. The BLIA Newcastle Association congratulated Lu on her achievements and wished her continued success in literature, education and future endeavours.
May 2026
South Africa’s Proteas Bloom with Hope: Fo Guang Shan Celebrates Buddha’s Birthday
May 25, 2026
As South Africa’s national flower, the Protea symbolizes resilience, hope, and renewal. On May 23–24, BLIA Durban Chapter celebrated Buddha’s Birthday and Fo Guang Shan’s 60th anniversary through Buddha Bathing ceremonies, winter relief, and family activities. More than 1,000 people attended the Buddha Bathing and winter relief event in Phoenix, where volunteers distributed 1,000 packages containing blankets, clothing, rice, cooking oil, and maize meal to families in need. The event promoted Master Hsing Yun’s Three Acts of Goodness—doing good deeds, speaking good words, and thinking good thoughts—as well as the “Four Givings” of confidence, hope, joy, and convenience. One touching moment came when 11-year-old Resnika, who had overcome family hardships, prayed not for himself but for his father to stop drinking. His simple wish reflected the compassion and hope at the heart of the celebration. The festivities continued with family games, birthday celebrations, and Buddha Bathing at the FGS Durban Meditation Centre Together, the two-day events brought families and communities closer while spreading compassion, hope, and warmth across cultural boundaries.
60th Anniversary of Fo Guang Shan: African Devotees Unite Through Sutra Transcription
May 17, 2026
To celebrate the 60th anniversary of Fo Guang Shan, devotees across Africa gathered on May 16 for a simultaneous global sutra-transcription practice. Nearly 400 participants from six centers across South Africa, Lesotho, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo took part. At Nan Hua Temple, people of different ethnic and cultural backgrounds practiced Chinese calligraphy while copying the Heart Sutra. For many local participants, the practice offered a unique introduction to Eastern mindfulness and meditation. Participants shared that carefully writing each character helped calm the mind, reduce stress, and stay present. Children also joined their families, with one eight-year-old participant copying the sutra while praying for her mother’s health. The event demonstrated how Buddhist practice can transcend language, culture, and borders. Through the quiet rhythm of writing, devotees found inner peace and offered their practice for greater harmony, wisdom, and blessings throughout Africa.
Buddha’s Compassion Brings Warmth to South African Seniors
May 12, 2026
To celebrate Buddha’s Birthday and put Master Hsing Yun’s vision of “serving society through charity” into action, Fo Guang Shan’s Bloemfontein Chapter held a Buddha Bathing Ceremony and winter relief event on May 10, benefiting nearly 60 elderly residents in need. With support from local community members and more than 30 volunteers, essential supplies—including maize meal, flour, sugar, salt, cooking oil, blankets, bread, and drinking water—were distributed to seniors in the Phase and Heidedal communities ahead of the winter season. Many participants also experienced the Buddha Bathing Ceremony for the first time. Volunteers introduced them to the meaning of the ritual and the Three Acts of Goodness: doing good deeds, speaking good words, and thinking good thoughts. The event provided more than material assistance. Through kindness, respect, and care, volunteers shared the warmth of Buddhist compassion and demonstrated the spirit of Humanistic Buddhism in South Africa.
Nan Hua Temple’s Mother’s Day and Buddha’s Birthday Blessing Ceremony
May 10, 2026
On May 10, coinciding with Buddha’s Birthday and Mother’s Day, Fo Guang Shan Nan Hua Temple held an Adult Blessing Ceremony, attracting around 250 participants. Through meditation, Dharma teachings, prayers, and a Buddha-bathing ceremony, participants found peace and renewed inner strength while praying for world peace and family harmony. Abbot Venerable Huei-Fang shared insights from the Heart Sutra on navigating today’s uncertain and rapidly changing “BANI [Brittle, Anxious, Non-linear, Incomprehensible]” world. She encouraged participants to face life with courage, compassion, and a calm mind, emphasizing that true maturity means remaining grounded through life’s challenges and becoming a source of strength for others. Participants Luciana and Jennifer shared how the ceremony brought them peace and helped them reconnect with their inner selves. For Jennifer, who was expecting to give birth the following day, the experience offered particular comfort as she prepared to enter a new stage of life. More than a religious ritual, the ceremony provided a moment for reflection, gratitude, and renewal, while extending Mother’s Day blessings to mothers everywhere for health, happiness, and loving families.
South Africa’s “Cloud Water Bathing Buddha Ceremony” Celebrates Buddha’s Birthday Across Cultures
May 4, 2026
To celebrate Buddha’s Birthday, Fo Guang Shan Buddhist groups in South Africa held “Cloud and Water Bathing the Buddha” ceremonies in Pretoria, Cape Town, and other locations on May 2–3, attracting nearly 400 people from diverse cultural backgrounds. At the Taiwan Festival in Pretoria, the bathing-the-Buddha altar drew considerable attention, with Taipei Liaison Office Representative Mr Liao, participating alongside the public. A highlight was the performance by Nan Hua Performing Arts Group, which combined traditional Chinese drums with energetic African rhythms, symbolizing the blending of cultures and the universal reach of Buddhist teachings. Participants from different faiths also shared meaningful experiences. Victor, who attended out of curiosity, said the ceremony encouraged him to step outside his comfort zone and reflect inwardly. Rashni connected strongly with Master Hsing Yun’s “Three Acts of Goodness”—doing good deeds, speaking good words, and thinking good thoughts—seeing kindness and compassion as universal values. In Cape Town, the ceremony was held at the Cape Grand China, where families, friends, local residents, and community members joined during their shopping breaks. Taipei Liaison Office Director Chen also attended in support of cultural and religious exchange. The events reflected Master Hsing Yun’s vision of Humanistic Buddhism: bringing Buddhism into the community and building connections among people. Through the “Three Acts of Goodness” and the spirit of “giving people confidence, joy, hope, and convenience,” the ceremonies demonstrated how faith can transcend cultural and ethnic boundaries and bring people together in South Africa’s Rainbow Nation.



















































































































